It was used during the Napoleonic Wars against smugglers trading with England and assisting in the escape of monarchists. The term collaborate dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French collaborateur. The related term collaborationism is used by historians who restrict these terms to refer to a subset of wartime collaborators in Vichy France who actively promoted German victory. The meaning shifted during World War II to designate traitorous collaboration with the enemy. The term collaborator dates to the 19th century and was used in France during the Napoleonic Wars. As historian Gerhard Hirschfeld says, it "is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory". Wartime collaboration is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. Cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime
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